Which of the following does not qualify as word-of-mouth marketing?

Word-of-mouth marketing inherently involves personal recommendations made by individuals that influence others' opinions and purchasing decisions. It thrives on direct person-to-person communication and organic sharing of experiences.

When considering the options provided, email newsletters do not fit the definition of word-of-mouth marketing. Though newsletters can disseminate information and updates, they do not rely on personal interactions or direct recommendations between individuals. Instead, they are a form of broadcast communication directed at a specific audience, meaning they lack the personal touch and authenticity that characterize true word-of-mouth marketing.

In contrast, client referrals, social media shares, and face-to-face recommendations all involve personal endorsement and interaction, making them valid examples of word-of-mouth marketing. These forms capitalize on the trust and influence that individuals have within their networks, effectively encouraging others to engage based on shared experiences.